Direct & reported speech

Study this example:

John

"I am very happy"

If you want to tell somebody what John said, there are two ways of doing this. You can use direct or reported speech.

John said, "I am very happy" (direct speech)

John said that he was very happy (reported speech)

You use reported speech when you give information about what people say or think. The main verb and the rest of the sentence are usually in the past tense.

Maria said (that) she went to London yesterday

I told her (that) we couldn't go to her party

(*) You can leave out "that"

Maria said she went to London yesterday

As a rule, the present form in direct speech changes to the past form in reported speech:

Present simple		Past simple
-		-
am / is		was
are		were
can		could
do / does		did
have / has		had
will		would
-		-
help		helped
finish		finished
...		...

However, if what you are reporting is still true at the time of reporting, you do not need to change the verb.

John said "Maria is a shy person" (direct speech)

John said that Maria is a shy person (reported speech)

----- 0 -----

Maria said "I want to go to Marbella next summer" (direct speech)

Maria said that she wants to go to Marbella next summer (reported speech)

Note that it is also correct to change the verb into the past:

John said that Maria was a shy person

Maria said that she wanted to go to Marbella next summer

In reported speech, the past simple can stay the same or you can change it to the past perfect:

Past simple		Past perfect
-		-
could		had been able
did		had done
had		had had
was		had been
...		...

James said, "I went to Paris for the weekend" (direct speech)

James said (that) he went to Paris for the weekend (reported speech)

Or:

James said (that) he had been to Paris for the weekend (direct speech)

These verbs are often used to report statements:

Add	Explain	Shout
Admit	Find out	State
Announce	Inform someone	Suggest
Answer	Reply	Tell someone
Complain	Say	Whisper

Remember: When you're reporting times and places, these words sometimes change.

Direct speech		Reported speech
-		-
Here		There
Now		Then
This		The
Tomorrow		The next day
Yesterday		The day before
This week		That week
Last week		The week before